Artistic Renaissance Raphael Essay - 866 Words

Raphael, a product of the Renaissance, presented a different style of art and introduced a new medium for expression. His repertoire included both complex and simplistic work. The variety in his art allowed him to attract attention from both royalty and common people. His artistic ability is neither challenged nor debated. An outstanding support and teaching from his father planted a seed of inextinguishable desire. Later in his life, Raphael watched this seed bloom as opportunities began to wallow at his feet. However, Raphael was no genius compared to his contemporaries and neither did he have a drop of noble blood in his family history. The facts were not stacked in his favor. Nevertheless, Raphael was always known for his work ethic†¦show more content†¦His work was placed in churches, chapels, and royal chambers among other places. He traveled with his work and found new friends in his journeys. After searching for a reasonable commission he finally settled down in Flo rence where he stayed for many years. He fell in love with the city and the opportunity for work. His first real job came with the interest of Pope Julius II. Julius assigned Raphael with many challenging pieces, one being a self-portrait of the Pope (Vasari 23-29). In 1511 Raphael painted his greatest masterpiece during his stay in Rome, the School of Athens. The fresco brought more than 15 brilliant writers, philosophers, and theologians into one room. The original name for the piece in Roman was Causarum Cognitio meaning Knowledge of Causes. However, it was called the School of Athens by an old seventeenth century guidebook and has been generally accepted ever since. This fresco was no ordinary job. Raphael was charged to create a painting that captured the mental genius of the chosen characters. This work was considered a portrait of knowledge. It took Raphael some time to complete, but the finished product made the Pope ecstatic. He was so pleased with the painting that he paid Raphael to go forward and create a whole room of art to add to his collection. This task was one of the largest projects Raphael had worked on. Nonetheless, once it was completed, Julius showed his utmost appreciation (Hall 57-63). TheShow MoreRelated Magnificent Minds Of The Renaissance in Europe Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages The high renaissance of the 1500s was a time of scientific, philosophic, and artistic awe and inspiration. Many new discoveries were being made in the field of science, and philosophers expressed their assumptions on the world and universe around them. In addition, many individuals were gifted with artistic dexterity and skill. The amazing achievements of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci are considered significant to the Renaissance period. In this paper, the endeavors and achievementsRead MoreNaturalism Is the Style of Art That Details Precision and Accuracy in Displaying Things900 Words   |  4 Pagesis the style of art that details precision and accuracy in displaying things as they are. Artists during would use naturalism by taking realistic figures and depicting those figures in natural setting as realistically as possible. Prior to the Renaissance, artists maintain ed their dependence upon the ancient tradition of icon painting, mostly of the religious kind. Duccio di Buoninsega of Siena conveyed within his paintings early features of naturalism, which would invoke an expressive and spiritualRead MoreEssay on Magnificent Minds of the Renaissance1120 Words   |  5 PagesMagnificent Minds of the Renaissance The renaissance era of the 1500s was a time of artistic, philosophic, and scientific wonder and inspiration. Several new discoveries were made in the areas of science, and assumptions on the world and universe around them were expressed by philosophers. Many individuals had been gifted with artistic creativity and skill. The astonishing achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael are considered momentous to the Renaissance period. In this paperRead MoreRaphael’s The School of Athens: Classical Philosophers in a Renaissance Work1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe European Renaissance was the time period after the Dark Ages. In the Renaissance, radical new ideas like humanism and individualism took foot. Also, art and science were re-embraced for the first time in Europe since classical times. Art in the Renaissance became much more realistic and advanced using new techniques such as chiaroscuro (using high contrast to add depth to a painting), foreshortening (adjust ing line length and angle to make 2-D objects look 3-D), and much more accurate perspectiveRead MoreHigh Renaissance Painting In Florence And Environs, 1490-1550.1403 Words   |  6 Pages High Renaissance Painting in Florence and environs, 1490-1550 Learning about the art history in general during the Renaissance period makes anyone’s interpretation towards art change to the better. You become aware, of the color harmonization’s, and reason behind each detail drawn in a portrait or made in a sculpture. Symmetry, geometry and color coordination were revolutionized in portraits and paintings by famous artist like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael which is momentous. TheseRead MoreRenaissance Art : The Renaissance And The Renaissance852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance, better known as the â€Å"rebirth â€Å"period helped bring life back to culture and the arts. It was a movement that began in Florence, Italy, but eventually spread throughout Europe. It stemmed from a very dark period in history. Prior to the Renaissance, Europe experienced the Medieval Times, or Dark Ages, a time of war famine, and disease. There were many causes of the Renaissance such as â€Å"The Black Death† and the new idea that social class does not dictate your wealth. The RenaissanceRead MoreRenaissance And The Italian Renaissance1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Italian Renaissance had two distinct periods during its lifetime. The first being the â€Å"Early Renaissance†, which took place between the late 13th and the early 14th centuries. The second period was known as the â€Å"High Renaissance†, which took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. These two periods had very distinct foundations and styles behind the art and architecture of their respective periods. The Early Renaissance revived many old themes which later became the foundations for the HighRead MoreEssay on The Renaissance: Visual Analysis1515 Words   |  7 PagesHigh Renaissance Visual Analysis Introduction Generally believed to have begun in Florence, the Renaissance – also known as the ‘Rebirth’ – was a period of reviving interest in classical art and the beginning of scientific revolution. The Renaissance period did not begin abruptly; instead, it was an idea that took shape since the time of the painter Giotto (Gombrich 2007). In the early Renaissance period, Giotto experimented with and laid the foundation for painting with perspective, a methodRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Renaissance1547 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Generally believed to have begun in Florence, the Renaissance – also known as the ‘Rebirth’ – was a period of reviving interest in classical art and the beginning of scientific revolution. The Renaissance period did not begin abruptly; instead, it was an idea that took shape since the time of the painter Giotto (Gombrich 2007). In the early Renaissance period, Giotto experimented with and laid the foundation for painting with perspective, a method that was refined and perfected by laterRead MoreThe Madonna Or Virgin Mary909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Madonna or Virgin Mary was a popular theme for many Middle Age and Renaissance period artists. I will be writing with a view of exploring the following pieces. The first is Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets. [Fig 1] This work was by a prominent artist named Cimabue, or Cenni di Pepo, and was created in Florence, Italy. It is believed to have been done in the Middle Ages from 1280-1290 A.D. and the me dium is tempura on wood. At dimensions of 12’7† X 7’4† it is quite large and is currently

Music Is A Important Part Of Our Life - 981 Words

â€Å"Without music, life would be a mistake.† Music is a very important part of our live, and those who make music are very special in this world. Music not being involved in my life would result in harmonies and melodies leaving me totally empty. When I was younger , I didn’t have the great love for music as I do now entering the second year of college. I mainly listened to whatever was playing either in the background or what my mom was listening to. I can personally say that I didn’t have much of a care for musical compositions. At the time I didn’t have a preference of the particular genre of music much, but now as I am older, I enjoy it as it allows me to reminisce on memories from specific times in my childhood. Once after I had hit my teenage years music began to become my life and gradually started to inhibit on my soul. Music has the ability to convey all sorts of emotions in my personal opinion. Whether the emotion is happiness or sadness and d espair through foot tapping rhythms, harmonies and the lyrics music shows it. The musical images that music and song are able to portray and create are amazing. Music has created the ability to turn or transport me back in time just like a time machine. Allowing me to revisit lost and forgotten moments in life. Songs can paint a picture, for example in classical and country music where a story is being told compared to pop songs. The music in classical music tells a story without lyrics which is a strong and powerful thing. IShow MoreRelatedMusic Training Increases the Creativity819 Words   |  3 PagesMusic has always been a part of people’s lives and still has an appeal today. Music is a balm during the rough times in life. Music is a large part in celebrations in a person’s life. Rock and roll is an important kind of music because it affected everything in our lives. Society’s reaction to music has changed the way people use music in daily life and has cha nged racial attitudes and freedom of expression. When people are down they tend to listen to upbeat music so they can cheer up. Music andRead MoreInformative Speech : Reference Of Music By Gretel Herrera1124 Words   |  5 Pagesreference to Music by Gretel Herrera General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience we will learn the importance of music in our lives and the benefits associated with listen to music to our health and development of our brain. Thesis: Music is an important and rewarding part of our lives and is essential to the development of a child’s brain and to keep a healthy body. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Today I am going to talk about music. We can say thatRead MoreMusic and Its Functions and Roles1625 Words   |  7 PagesMusic and its Functions and Roles Music has always been an integral part of human civilization. It is what binds individuals to their culture, people to their country. From the majestic stories of India to the concert halls of Vienna to the radio station playing mariachi music here in LA, music pervades our lives. Since our beginnings, music has accompanied rituals and ceremonies, and as time passed, began to fill other roles in religion, society, education, and entertainment. Within these differentRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On Our Lives1234 Words   |  5 Pagesmany people, music is a significant part to their daily lives and its role varies depending on the individual. I personally use music as a form of escape from reality and a tool to help me focus in certain situations. Other use music as an entertainer, an energizer, a coping mechanism or even as a stimulant. Due to this, music is able to play a developmental role in creating one’s identity. In 2007, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic and Adrian Furnham, studied how 21st century listeners use music in their dailyRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Our Lives1287 Words   |  6 PagesMusic is part of most of our everyday lives. Adults and Children value music for entertainment purposes, though many of us may not consider what it has to offer us beyond this use. From very early on, children learn nursery rhymes and explore the world of rhythm using pots and pans and wooden spoons. Many individuals acknowledge the importance of music in our lives for enrichment and culture. Research is beginning to uncover the far reaching benefits of music, not just for enjoyment, but also forRead MoreOpinion Essay929 Words   |  4 Pages Music is the best type of Art What is art? Everyone knows about it, but could you say a lot about music? May be yes, may be no. Music is the best type of art. Before proving it , let’s talk about what music means. Music is an art form which medium is sound and silence. In many cultures music is an important part of people. Music contains all their history. May be for someone music is just noise of instruments, but not for me. Music reflects history, people’sRead MoreMusic Should Be Mandatory Public Schools1173 Words   |  5 Pages Music is so important to our lives, this is why music should be mandatory in our public schools. Music has an influence on all of us, unless you’re deaf. This is one of the many reasons why we should have a basic knowledge on how to use music. Learning how to use music opens so many doors to us. We can use music to make peace or war and everything in between. So, why wouldn’t we teach our children the importance of music in our lives? There is a plethora of ways that music affects us. Music hasRead MoreMusic Education And The Language Development Of Young Kids921 Words   |  4 PagesMusic education is important to our generation in many different ways. Music is a huge part of many kids lives and they look up to it as happiness. Music is not just random words build up together, it has meaning and rhythm to it so we can understand the idea behind it. It has brought happiness in many humans and animals lives. Success in intelligence, school, and life. Music has dedicated us to do work and live our life. It is the new hope for younger kids. Everyone enjoys music. Some succeed inRead MoreMusic : An Explosive Expression Of Humanity1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthink music in itself is healing. It s an explosive expression of humanity. It s something we are all touched by. No matter what culture we re from, everyone loves music.† In many ways this quote is very accurate both socially and scientifically. Music is a vital part of almost every culture and serves many purposes culturally as a means of self expression and communication within a culture and the world at large. 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Learning †Importance of Assesment Free Essays

When sing the clip spent in any schoolroom, we see that big part of this clip is spent on appraisal. It is a â€Å"major subscriber to raising criterions in schools† ( Cohen, Manion A ; Morrison. 2006, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning – Importance of Assesment or any similar topic only for you Order Now 323 ) and besides â€Å"assessment makes a difference to learning.† ( Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. 2006. p.5 ) Whether the difference appraisal makes is positive or negative depends on how it is used. It is besides of import for instructors to â€Å"devise ways of measuring and describing which give students indicants of what they know and can make and which maintain them frontward looking and optimistic† ( Bryce, T. , 2008b ) Appraisal can be divided into two chief types: summational appraisal and formative appraisal. Summational appraisal can be described as â€Å"the scaling of larning that has or has non taken place† ( Bryce, 2008a, p581 ) . Meanwhile, formative appraisal is linked with â€Å"supplying meaningful feedback for larning to happen, assisting persons to travel frontward from their current position.† ( Bryce, 2008a, p581 ) Formative appraisal has been under development for a figure of old ages in Scots schools and â€Å"it fo llows that to set up good formative appraisal patterns in schoolrooms requires that most instructors make important changes.† ( Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2004, p2 ) However, â€Å"teachers can non avoid a summational role† ( Black, P. , 1999, p131 ) as they have certification to finish including school studies to parents. Possibly a balance should be between the two theoretical accounts of appraisal as in some instances â€Å"summative trials can be helpful, provided that they are based on a sound theoretical account of learning.† ( Black, P. , 1999, p131 ) One enterprise associated with formative appraisal is Assessment is for Learning ( AifL ) . This â€Å"focuses on the spread between where the scholar is in their acquisition, and where they need to be† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007 ) and involves â€Å"any appraisal for which the first precedence is to function the intent of advancing pupils ‘ learning.† ( Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2004, p2 ) Appraisal is for Learning â€Å"has concentrated upon developing the quality of formative schoolroom appraisal throughout the country.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p.591 ) and as mentioned above, instructors will necessitate to do ‘significant alterations ‘ to accomplish this. In order to do these alterations, a instructor has to reflect upon what has already been tried in order to alter schemes which did non work and construct upon what was successful. A instructor besides has to non merely inquire pupils inquir ies but besides ask inquiries of themselves, such as â€Å"To what extent do our acquisition and instruction attacks help pupils to go successful scholars? † and â€Å"To what extent do we utilize students ‘ responses efficaciously to place what pupils understand and to assist program for future acquisition and instruction? † ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2008b ) Bearing this in head, formative appraisal pattern was observed and evaluated whilst on arrangement and besides tried by myself with some step of success. In one case, a 2nd twelvemonth scientific discipline category was observed being instructed to fix a posting in groups on â€Å"how a molecule of O gets from the gases in the air to assist travel your large toe† . This was during the unit on organic structure systems and the students had antecedently been taught the information required to finish the posting. At first, the students themselves seemed doubtful as to how to travel about the undertaking as they had been given no other information with the exclusion of the rubric. However, after some treatment in the groups they seemed to come to grips with what they were being asked and set about the undertaking with enthusiasm. The category was given two periods to finish their undertaking and in this clip they completed some genuinely first-class postings which were displayed w ith pride in the corridor. Upon detecting this category finish this undertaking, I was surprised to see how rapidly the undertaking was comprehended by some students, particularly since it was non made clear by the instructor from the start â€Å"what was to be learned and what success would be like.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p592 ) This comprehension was rapidly followed by some high quality interactions between the students as to how they would travel about their postings, discoursing precisely how the molecule of O travels through the organic structure and the procedures involved. This was when I realized that though non phrased into a inquiry, the statement the instructor of the category had asked the students to see was thought arousing and required them to truly reflect on their old acquisition and therefore was following with the cardinal thoughts of Assessment is For Learning. During the two period session, the category instructor, and myself, were continually go arounding the groups and inquiring t he students more inquiries on the topic, arousing responses, giving positive feedback on the postings the students were making but besides foregrounding countries for betterment. This I felt truly boosted the students ‘ assurance and enhanced their desire to make good in the undertaking. It besides incorporated the â€Å"two stars and a wish strategies† described by Bryce ( 2008a, p592 ) . At the terminal of the activity pupils besides got to measure each other ‘s postings foregrounding parts they liked and would utilize in the hereafter. Overall, I felt that this two period session incorporated Assessment is for Learning techniques really good and is something I would utilize in the hereafter in this subject. During my ain instruction pattern, I tried a figure of times to integrate Assessment is for Learning into my lessons. In one lesson with a 3rd twelvemonth biological science category, they were dissecting flowers in order to be able to place the parts of the generative system and depict their maps. At the start of the lesson, the students were informed of the acquisition results and besides the success standards so they could state for themselves if they had been successful, hence they were cognizant â€Å"what was to be learned and what success would be like.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p592 ) After the practical, to reenforce the cardinal points and besides to measure what they had learned, I provided the students with a matching exercising where, in braces, they had to fit parts of the flower with their map. This exercising enabled students to join forces with each other to acquire the right consequences. In this instance I truly felt that I was utilizing â€Å"assessment as a t ool for learning.† ( Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. , 2006, p.7 ) Although possibly non every bit seamlessly as a more experient instructor. Another schoolroom experience involved a different 2nd twelvemonth category, this clip on the sound and light subject. Not being a natural philosophies specializer, it can be hard to add involvement to this subject and so a biological science angle was added to a few lessons. During this the category were comparing human eyes and ears to those of selected animate beings and traveling around the category in a circuit finishing undertakings at each station. This was done in braces and so interaction was taking topographic point at each measure along with job resolution, comparings and fact happening. In the following lesson, much like the first 2nd twelvemonth category, a posting was created on one of the animate beings in the category circuit to inform people of the differences in this animate being ‘s eyes and ears and how they benefit the animate being. Much like the first 2nd twelvemonth category, feedback was given at each phase and the students responded good to this. The t erminal consequence achieved was due to acquiring the students involved at every phase, giving them feedback and allowing the students identify what will assist in their undertaking. During my school experience, good Appraisal is for Learning pattern was observed often. However, this was chiefly in a few of the instructors and non across the whole section. The enterprise was brought up at departmental meetings and so was in development but non to the same grade as other sections or so, other schools. Appraisal of larning â€Å"involves working with the scope of available grounds that enables staff and the wider appraisal community to look into on students ‘ progress.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007b ) This means roll uping the consequences of summational appraisal and utilizing them to collate tabular arraies and statistics and comparing these with other schools. This pattern, called local moderateness, is to â€Å"ensure appraisals are consistent between categories and schools.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2007b ) The consequences used are valid, dependable and comparable and this is why they are utilised. Appraisal of acquisition is besides used â€Å"where ‘league tabular arraies ‘ of overall public presentation are published.† ( Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p333 ) This can do jobs in countries where conference table place is of import to some, as â€Å"teachers teach to the test† ( Cohen, L. , Man ion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p333 ) Thereby contradicting all other signifiers of appraisal and acquisition and denying students cardinal experiences. In countries where high conference tabular array places are of import, inclusion is another affair which must be addressed. There is an interesting tenseness in this field as some schools may be unwilling to show students for certain tests or topics in general due to the belief that this student will negatively impact their conference tabular array standings. With patterns like this go arounding it is clear that â€Å"schools and instructors need counsel and assurance with respect to where they should put their professional support and efforts.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008, p594 ) If different schemes for appraisal and acquisition were in topographic point so possibly consequences would better without the irresistible impulse to ‘teach to the trial ‘ . This leads on to the theory that rating students ‘ work should be discouraged for much of the clip as described by Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2001 ) . During school arrangement, in first and 2nd twelvemonth categories, it was observed that when students were given the consequences to any signifier of summational appraisal, the first thing they did was comparison Markss with their friends and spouses in the category, thereby making a competitory ambiance. Children accomplishing a hapless class are so unwilling to portion their consequences with friends and may finally see themselves as unable to larn. It has been shown that â€Å"pupils who come to see themselves as unable to larn normally cease to take school earnestly – many of them will be riotous within school, others will fall back to truancy.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p3 ) So we find ourselves in a state of affairs where utilizing summational appraisal for rating can hold a negative consequence on some students, but is necessary for â€Å"accountability of instructors and pupils to interested parties.† ( Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. , 2006, p327 ) Is there a manner in which classs can be used constructively? On detecting lower school, it could be argued that possibly utilizing chiefly formative appraisal in these twelvemonth groups would be more effectual. As mentioned above students are chiefly concerned with being competitory when it comes to assessment classs and so the usage of â€Å"approaches in which students are compared with one another† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p4 ) should be discouraged in favor of supplying feedback to pupils â€Å"about the peculiar qualities of his or her work, with advice on what he or she can make to improve.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p6 ) This scheme avoids comparings between students in lower school and allows them to to the full bask the acquisition experience without the competitory component. It is noted that summational appraisal can non be avoided wholly in these twelvemonth groups, peculiarly with respects to coverage and besides class picks for the undermentioned old ages. While detecting in-between and upper school, the rough competition from lower school was non as evident, but clearly non absent wholly. With this in head, utilizing classs constructively from 3rd twelvemonth onwards could be good as students are heading towards external appraisals. In this instance, being cognizant of the class they are presently accomplishing in concurrence with advice on how to better may be good to these students. On arrangement, it was observed in in-between and upper school categories that feedback centered entirely on the class which was achieved and really seldom mentioned ways which students could better, aside from analyzing. This was particularly evident in the top subdivisions for the topic, where the general consensus was that pupils merely wanted their classs and could construct upon them themselves. Support was made available to pupils in the signifier of prep nines and supported survey ; nevertheless there was no specific feedback offered to single stu dents. We know that â€Å"tests and prep can be an priceless usher to learning† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D, 2001, p8 ) every bit long as these undertakings have clear, relevant larning aims: but supplying feedback every bit good as the class should â€Å"give each student counsel on how to better, and each must be given chance and assist to work at the improvement.† ( Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. , 2001, p8 ) It is believed that utilizing classs in this constructive mode will be valuable to both students and instructors, and promote students to larn efficaciously and good. At present, the agreements for enfranchisement in the upper secondary school, Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework ( SCQF ) Levels 3 – 5, comprise of two different manners of classs: the long standing Standard Grade class and the newer Intermediate 1 and 2 classs. The SCQF figure indicates â€Å"a degree to demo how hard the acquisition is and a figure of recognition points which indicate the size of the qualification† ( Davidson, C. , 2008, p612 ) Using this system makes â€Å"qualifications easier to depict and understand† ( Davidson, C. , 2008, p612 ) and besides â€Å"enable employers, scholars and the populace in general to understand the full scope of Scots makings and how the makings relate to each other.† ( The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework, 2003 ) Standard Grade classs were introduced in the 1980 ‘s as a replacing to the O-grade. The purpose behind this was to â€Å"enable all students, whatever their degree of ability, to follow suited classs and addition awards† ( The Scottish Office, 1996 ) and due to the fact that pupils sit two degrees of test and that all students take portion in the class to level, this has been achieved. The Standard Grade provides students with many chances while at school and as a consequence there are a figure of benefits associated with them. These include: a broad scope of classs on offer ; scrutinies are completed at two degrees to supply students with the best possible chance for a good class and the inclusive nature of the classs as they provide appraisal for all. Intermediate 1 and 2 classs were introduced as portion of the National Qualification ( NQ ) model. They have been â€Å"designed to be every bit flexible as possible to run into the demands of all students.† ( Learning and Teaching Scotland, 2008a ) In add-on to this flexibleness, new classs have been added to supplement the more traditional topics in order to run into the demands of today ‘s workplace. These include media surveies and biotechnology. The construction and appraisal of Intermediate classs differs in a figure of ways from Standard Grades. To get down with, Intermediate classs are structured into three units of similar lengths whereas Standard Grades can incorporate any figure of subjects, illustrations being Chemistry which covers 15 subjects and Biology which covers seven subjects. These subjects can besides be of changing lengths. In the Intermediate classs, each unit ends with a trial called a NAB ( National Assessment Bank ) . Each terminal of unit trial must be passed in order to sit the concluding test. The unit besides stands entirely as a faculty so that even if a student does non go through the concluding test, the single units will supply some grounds of accomplishment for the student. These units are assessed internally in schools and can be re-assessed if a student is non successful on the first effort â€Å"The unit construction of Intermediate makings is considered to be their best characteristic, sup plying flexibleness and motive for immature people.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) This unit construction besides helps to supply a more streamlined passage between Intermediate and Higher as the classs are constructed on the same format. Standard Grade operates otherwise in that while each subject in these classs may hold an terminal of unit trial to finish, it plays no portion in whether the student will go through or neglect the class other than supplying instructors with grounds for grade anticipations or entreaties. Where students do hold influence over their concluding grade in Standard Grade is in work submitted to the Scots Qualifications Authority ( SQA ) which is completed in category. In Science topics, this is in the signifier of practical abilities which are assessed over the class ; in English, a pagination of written work is submitted. Work completed in category can be worked on over a period of clip and alteration of this can go on until both instructor and student are satisfied that the best possible class has been achieved, giving ample chance for re-assessment of the work. This, while non playing as large a portion in the award as the concluding test, does hold some influence on the class awarded. T his work besides benefits the students in that while they are still being assessed, it is non under nerve-racking exam conditions, and this may supply the environment for them to work to their best potency, to the full supported by their schoolroom instructor. Formative appraisal is going more widely used in schools, nevertheless recent experience shows that this is non true universally. Observations in both Standard Grade and Intermediate 2 categories while on arrangement have lead me to believe that summational appraisal is still the more normally used in categories, peculiarly in the upper school. It could be said that â€Å"the demands of the SQA dominate school life in the upper phases of secondary.† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p581 ) While both Standard Grade and Intermediate 1 and 2 classs can be argued to be both effectual and successful, it has to be considered â€Å"whether these makings in their current signifier best suit the demands of tomorrow ‘s immature people, employers and other users of qualifications.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) This is chiefly due to the nearing debut of Curriculum for Excellence into schools in the coming old ages and the demand for a new signifier of appraisal which will suit in with the experiences and results which pupils will take portion in. Standard Grade and Intermediate are utile now, nevertheless â€Å"neither of these two systems reflects the values, intents and rules of Curriculum for Excellence.† ( The Scots Government, 2008 ) One solution for the job of holding incompatible assessment methods is the debut of a new general making at SCQF degrees 4 and 5 to replace the antique Standard Grade and Intermediate makings. This will besides profit Scotland ‘s appraisal patterns which have â€Å"developed steadily over recent old ages but to a point of complexness which demands simplification† ( Bryce, T. , 2008a, p581 ) However, both Standard Grade and Intermediate 1 and 2 have good characteristics which would be utile in the new appraisal construction. â€Å"The inclusive attack to enfranchisement contained in Standard Grade† ( The Scots Government, 2009 ) is one point which should be considered when planing the new making. Integrating this appraisal for all is of import in planing a new making as inclusion is a major factor. We have to be able to â€Å"support acquisition and react reasonably to the differences that exist across groups while at the same clip supplying comparable and dependable evidence† ( Darling-Hammond, L. A ; Falk, B. , 1997, p57 ) The current Standard Grade operates a 3 degree system with foundation, general and recognition and the thought of this should be carried frontward but in the signifier of SCQF degrees 4 and 5. For students executing below this degree, Access 3 certifications will be available. Using this system, the inclusive attack of Standard Grade is still in operation and no student will be restricted in any manner with respects to assessment. Another utile characteristic of assessment construction at present is â€Å"the unit based construction of Intermediate qualifications.† ( The Scots Government, 2009 ) These units provide good points for internal appraisal throughout the class and awards received in these appraisals give students something to construct on for the hereafter. Using Markss from these unit appraisals as portion of the concluding awarded class would besides supply utile continual appraisal alternatively of trusting strictly on the concluding test. Besides mentioning to the Intermediate construction of appraisal, the manner in which they are graded would be preferred to the construction of Standard Grade Markss. Using the A – D signifier or marker would extinguish any confusion associated with the Standard Grade 1 – 7 strategy. It would besides follow the form presently in topographic point for Higher and Advanced Higher, once more associating the degrees and leting for an easier passage. In topics of a practical nature such a scientific discipline, proficient, art and music ; more accent should be placed on the practical side in the appraisal. A larger per centum of Markss should be awarded to practical abilities as they are in the really kernel of what these topics are about. One manner in which this could be possible in scientific discipline could be to finish a practical abilities folio which could include an probe where the students would hold to plan and transport out experiments and so describe on them. This is something which presently operates in Advanced Higher but is felt, if used right, would besides be good at lower degrees. In the same vena, it is felt that technological progresss should, where possible, be incorporated into the course of study. There are legion illustrations in the current course of study where outdated scientific discipline is still taught, such as in Standard Grade Physics which still teaches students about cathode beam telecastings in an epoch where LCD and plasma telecastings are the norm. In instances such as these, it is felt that possibly students would expose more enthusiasm in category if they could associate what they are larning to the universe outside the schoolroom. When covering with appraisal, it is of import to understand that any determinations on alterations to be made will non merely impact the current students, but besides pupils in old ages to come and therefore cautiousness should be exercised when any alterations come into consequence. Bibliography * Black, P. ( 1999 ) . Assessment, Learning Theories and Testing Systems. In Murphy, P. ( Ed. ) Learners, larning and appraisal ( pp. 118 – 134 ) . London: Paul Chapman Printing * Black, P. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2001 ) Inside the black box Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //ngfl.northumberland.gov.uk/keystage3ictstrategy/Assessment/blackbox.pdf * Black, P. , Harrison, C. , Lee, C. , Marshall, B. A ; Wiliam, D. ( 2004 ) . Appraisal for acquisition: seting it into pattern Hymen: Open University Press * Bryce, T. ( 2008a ) . Appraisal in Scots Schools. In Bryce, T.G.K. A ; Humes, W. M. ( Eds. ) Scots instruction 3rd edition: beyond degeneration ( pp. 581- 594 ) . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press * Bryce, T. ( 2008b ) . Principles of assessment Lecture slides retrieved on 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.foe.strath.ac.uk/Login/FAV1-0000F728/FOV1-0000F72A/FOV1-0000F983/I000E6669? DF0=0 * Cohen, L. , Manion, L. A ; Morrison, K. ( 2006 ) . A usher to learning pattern ( 5th Ed ) Oxon: RoutledgeFalmer * Darling-Hammond, L. A ; Falk, B. ( 1997 ) . Supporting instruction and acquisition for all pupils: Policies for reliable appraisal systems. In Goodwin, A. L. ( Ed. ) Appraisal for equity and inclusion: encompassing all our kids ( pp. 51 – 76 ) . London: Routledge * Davidson, C. ( 2008 ) . SQA Findings on Scots Attainments. In Bryce, T.G.K. A ; Humes, W.M. ( Eds. ) Scots instruction 3rd edition: beyond degeneration ( pp. 608 – 626 ) . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2007a, November 27 ) . Appraisal is for larning: debut Retrieved March 17th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/for/intro.asp * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2007b, December 10 ) . Appraisal of larning Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/of/intro.asp * Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2008b, August 20 ) . Appraisal for acquisition: high quality interactions Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/assess/toolkit/schools/highqualityinteractions.asp  · Learning and Teaching Scotland. ( 2008a, December 15 ) . What are national makings? Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ltscotland.org.uk/nq/nqframework/whatarenqs.asp * Naylor, S. , Keogh, B. A ; Goldsworthy, A. ( 2006 ) . Active appraisal: thought, larning and appraisal in scientific discipline London: David Fulton Publishers * The Scots Credit and Qualifications Framework ( 2003, October ) . An debut to the Scots recognition and makings framework Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/IntroductiontoSCQF-2ndEdition.pdf * The Scots Government. ( 2008, April 24 ) . Consultation for future agreements of national makings Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This-Week/Speeches/smarter/natqual * The Scots Government. ( 2009, February ) . Research on the audience on the following coevals of national makings in Scotland Retrieved March 18th 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/261963/0078333.pdf * The Scots Office. ( 1996 ) . Scots certification of instruction: standard class Retrieved 18th March 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/library/documents/standard.htm How to cite Learning – Importance of Assesment, Essay examples

Grain of Manhood free essay sample

A baby Is born amongst the stars. This baby Is the grain of manhood In two mens lives; or a man and an aliens. James, a human man, Incapable of making a child Is given his grain of manhood. A child born with his own features. Colander, an alien, is man enough to give up his son for the happiness of the woman who gave birth to the boy. The baby itself is the grain of manhood, and will be in two mens hearts for the rest of his life. Part human part Envied, he gave two men hope and happiness.There are at least three people on Extra besides us who know I am sterile. (page 200) A sterile man, in his own eyes, is not much off man. He is unable to give life, yet his wife Is pregnant. When Colander, the alien that impregnated his wife, allowed her to come back to earth, she did did not know that she would be helping her husband gain a little bit of his manhood back. We will write a custom essay sample on Grain of Manhood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout this story, the two are constantly bickering; the man wants to know how his wife Is pregnant, and the wife wants to know why the husband cares so much.A virgin birth would have seemed more reasonable to you (page 200) It is understandable why James is upset. He knows that this baby is not his, and when the baby is born, it would make him ashamed, because many people would know that is was not his baby. Some people may even think that his wife went to someone else, Just so she could be pregnant. A full frontal strike to his manhood. When the baby is born, the unexpected happened; the baby looked Just like him. He was a complete replica of James, down to the last eat lock of dark hair on his forehead (page 209).In a sense, this baby gave James something that he thought he had lost; A last grain of manhood, because no one would question whether he was capable of having a child anymore. Colander, an alien from the planet Never. He Is a Novel, and Is capable of deciding how his children will look. All Envied parents have a choice in deciding before the child is born what form it will take externally, not in the vital organs. (page 205). Though he is not a true man, he is capable of giving Ella what she wanted; A baby.Colander helps Ella while she is living on his planet. He gives her food, shelter and protection. When Ella declared that she wanted to leave, he allowed her to; even though she was carrying her son. What Ella did not know thought, was that Colander decided to make his child look like James, and not himself. One would have to be a real man to let his only son go like that, and In the form of another being; a human. Even though Colander is not a man, he gains a grain of manhood by doing this.He gains a grain of manhood by giving up his only son, for Leas peppiness. The baby, Colander;s only son, is now in the care of two humans. Though he is a Envied, and a human unable to create a child. He is the result off crashed ship, but in the end he means more to three people than he will ever know. He is probably the only child who is loved on Earth and on Never, though Colander would never admit it. This small gift of life ties two people together, who could have fallen apart, Ella and James. He will be their life from now on, this small grain of manhood.The title relates to the story in three ways: through Colander, through James, and through the baby. Both Colander and James gain a grain of manhood back when the baby is born, therefore the baby acts as a grain of manhood to both men. James now has a baby with his features, and Colander was man enough to let Ella go back to Extra, even though she carried his child. This baby, part envied, now living on earth, kept two people together the moment he took his first breath. He was born amongst the stars, and will be remembered from Extra to Never, and across the universe.

Mapping Migrations Essays - Diving Ducks, Aythya,

Mapping Migrations Sometime this winter, waterfowl experts from across Canada will gather for their annual "wing bee." Their task will be to sort through a small mountain of duck wings obtained from a randomly selected group of hunters, and assign the wings to piles by species, age and sex. Together with statistics from similar shindigs held in the United States, this information will provide a picture of the year's kill and will also offer hints about the ups and downs of duck populations. That may seem like a lot to learn from a heap of dried-up remains but, to Len Wassenaar of the National Water Research Institute in Saskatoon, a room full of duck wings is like an archive that can be studied for clues about each bird's life history and movements. Wassenaar and his colleague Keith Hobson of the Canadian Wildlife Service have developed a technique for reading a feather's chemistry and tracing it onto a map. The story begins with rain, which always contains a minute percentage of heavy water. That's regular H2O burdened with deuterium, a rare isotope of hydrogen. In North America, the amount of deuterium in rainfall is greatest along the Paci?c coast and decreases to the east and south, as weather systems sweep across the continent. Every region has a unique "hydrogen isotope signature" - a characteristic ratio of ordinary hydrogen to deuterium - imprinted onto the ecosystem, passing from the rain into soil, soil into plants, plants into birds and animals. When the hydrogen is incorporated into hard tissues, it provides a lasting clue to where those tissues were made. Last year, Wassenaar and Hobson used this fact to resolve a mystery that has troubled researchers for decades. Since the mid-1970s, we've known that monarch butterflies congregate for the winter in a dozen remote locations in central Mexico. Several hundred million monarchs from Eastern Canada and the U.S. settle onto the hillsides in orange drifts. But once the insects have landed, they all look the same to us, and we have no way of knowing their precise origins. Which ones came from Ontario? Which from Ohio? If one of the wintering sites were logged, how would this affect the breeding stock? The tried-and-true technique of tagging, which has taught us so much about the migratory movement of birds, has been disappointing with monarch migration. Over the past 50 years, hundreds of thousands have been marked with tiny identi?cation stickers, yet fewer than 130 have ever been recovered in Mexico. "The tag recoveries are really appalling," Wassenaar laments. The beauty of the new technique is its directness. By gathering dead butterflies from the wintering sites and analyzing them in the lab, Wassenaar and Hobson were able to read each individual's hydrogen signature. This in turn revealed where the butterflies had grown up. As a result, we now know that the monarchs at the winter roosts are of mixed origins (Ontarians and Ohioans crammed in wing by wing) and that most of the overwintering flocks come from the midwestern U.S. The discovery of the midwest's crucial importance in maintaining the breeding stock will provide an added focus for conservationists. Gratified by this success, Wassenaar purrs with confidence. "The sky's the limit with this new tool," he says. Rather than spend years on banding projects, with uncertain results, why not head for the isotope lab and an immediate outcome? Certainly, that prospect appeals to Bob Clark, also of the CWS, who has urgent concerns about the welfare of the lesser scaup, a diving duck. (That's "scawp," an imitation of the bird's characteristic squawk.) Cute as a rubber ducky with its upturned blue bill, the scaup has traditionally been among the most plentiful of waterfowl, with an estimated population of six million. But its numbers took a downturn in the mid-1980s, a trend that has recently intensified into a seven-year sequence of record lows. Two-and-a-half million birds have vanished. The losses seem to be worst for scaups that nest in the boreal forest of northern Alberta and the southwest Northwest Territories. Is "something funny going on" in the north woods, as Clark suspects, or does the source of the problem lie farther south, along the birds' migration route or on their wintering grounds in Mexico and the U.S.? These perplexities would be easier to cope with if we knew precisely where scaups from the boreal forest go for the winter. Clark thinks the answers may lie in the scaup wings that are submitted for the annual bees. Scaups grow new feathers before leaving their breeding range, so their

Computer Aided Design essays

Computer Aided Design essays An overview of Computer Aided Design (CAD). The aim of CAD is to apply computers to both the modeling and communication of designs. There have been two different approaches - which are often used together - namely: at a basic level, to use computers to automate or assist in such tasks as the production of drawings or diagrams and the generation of lists of parts in a design; at a more advanced level, to provide new techniques which give the designer enhanced facilities to assist in the design process. The bulk of the development in CAD (computer aided design) has been in modeling the form of products (i.e. in providing techniques to assist in the representation of form using conventional drawings or new modeling techniques) or in systems to assist in the production of diagrams and the subsequent evaluation of designs represented by these diagrams. The driving force behind the provision of computer assistance for conventional modeling techniques has been the desire to improve the productivity of the designer by the automation of the more repetitive and tedious aspects of design, and also to improve the precision of the design models. New techniques have been developed in an attempt to overcome perceived limitations in conventional practice - particularly in dealing with complexity - for example in the complexity of form of some designs such as automobile bodies, or the intricacy of structure of products such as integrated circuits. Computer-aided design should therefore enable the designer to tackle a task more quickly and accurately, or in a way that could not be achieved by other means. Computer-aided design should involve the development of a central design description on which all applications in design and manufacture should feed. This implies that computer-based techniques for the analysis and simulation of the design, a nd for the generation of manufacturing instr ...

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

No topic - Assignment Example The overwhelming mortgages did not directly impact the Federal Reserve but through independent investment companies, which really demonstrates how the American economy is almost entirely feeding from the financial industry. I think there is more of a fiscal policy involvement in this case: the Federal Government had the intentions to bail out the projected failing companies such as the Bear Stearns. For instance, the former Federal Reserve Chairman, Ben Bernanke, devised a merger between the Bear Stearns and the JP Morgan, which would allow the Federal Government to shell out $30 billion in order to cover up the dubious assets associated with toxic mortgages. This implies for a relative more expansionary policy strategy by the government. I think one of the most important lessons that I learned from watching the video is how the finance industry has dominantly gained control over our government. Aside from the hints that the economic crash was â€Å"contrived†, the video reveals some of the most undesirable realities of the United States: the country’s goals toward recovery will fall short except if we get rid of the financial oligarchy that is hindering the fundamental

Team Building Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Team Building - Term Paper Example A community of people sharing common norms, values and interests would always remain a group and would never become a team unless individual members forming the group start to respect one another’s feelings. A team essentially works for the attainment of organizational goals by sidelining the personal interests of individual team members. â€Å"A major advantage a team has over an individual is its diversity of resources, knowledge, and ideas.† (Townsley, 2008). A sound strategy to build the effect of a team in an otherwise group of workers should be based on certain exercises that would serve to enhance the interaction among the members of opposing views. Team members should be given enough time to socialize frequently and work jointly to accomplish predefined tasks. Managers should organize task based workforces in which specified teams should address particular tasks. The idea is to achieve the effect of contact hypothesis in the task force. One member should be selected from each department as a representative of the department. In this way, a holistic approach can be adopted in which the finance, human resource, administration, operation and various other departments as required should work together in close cooperation and collaboration with one another to achieve the objective of organizational significance. The task force should be strategically designed and every individual member should be fully educated on his boundaries and limitations prior to the commencement of the task. All foreseeable antecedents of conflict should be clearly addressed to the maximum extent to minimize the chances of conflict. Tasks should be designed to allow maximum communication among the members. This can be achieved by formulating interdependent activities w ithin the task. The services of individual departments should be integrated into the work elements. In the course of working together, healthy debates should always be encouraged. Managers should

Self-Awareness And Effective Communication Essay

Self-Awareness And Effective Communication - Essay Example The article also gives tools for developing self-awareness. The first idea is being open to critical self-reflection (Self-Awareness Workshop, n.d). The self-reflection process involves examining one's thought, emotions, and behaviors. After reflection, willingness to change is essential though a difficult step in achieving applicable self-awareness. I approve the ideas presented in this article. Self-awareness is essential for not only effective communication but also the quality of life in general.The communication process involves encoding a message by the source, the channeling process and decoding of the message by the recipient. Effective communication involves presenting one's idea or information in a way that minimizes problems in all the stages of communication. In the current work environment, there are various modes of communication used. Effective communication using all these modes become a necessary skill. The article â€Å"Communicate at your best† presents tool s and tips to improve one’s communications skills to achieve full effectiveness. It focuses on listening, report writing, email writing, presentations and meeting management (Manktelow, 2011). What I found particularly helpful was the self-assessment section after each area discussed. The sections encourage reflection and make the ideas presented applicable. I was able to improve my skills by identifying my areas of weakness. This article also included additional sources that offer more information on the subject.

Healthcare Organisation Internal and External Influences

Healthcare Organisation Internal and External Influences Introduction Constructing a plan of business assists one with the establishment of a new business and assisting it to develop. Most entrepreneurs who build up business plans typically do well opposed to those who do not. A plan of business assists in representing the objective of one’s business. It assists others to be familiar with ones vision concerning the business, in addition to helps one to be clear on what precisely he desires to accomplish in the course of the business. This consecutively assists one to conduct appropriate research regarding the market and assemble adequate information regarding the business he is selecting. Political, economic, and social forces Political, economic, and social forces occupy a significant role when extending health care organizations. It is extremely significant that one cautiously widens the organization to avert as lots of down falls as probable. The political force that occupies a significant function in growth of health care clinic is the funds. It is extremely indispensable that one cautiously illustrates what the funds or money for a business will be utilized for. The entire things have got to be cautiously planned out or instance the budget that would be employed for acquiring the needed equipment, the programs that would be employed, to remunerate the staff, etc.. That is the mainly significant step of all. Social forces that directed the expansion of the clinic were the places of development and its patients. The financial system is continuously shifting; consequently the place of development is significant. One has to establish the clinic in a renowned suburban area when the population are huge in numbers. A business developing in a small area where poverty is higher would be a prospective fall down for an organization or business. Social and Economic conditions that have an effect on people’s lives establish their health. People who are poor are not as much of expected to seek out appropriate medical care, as against to people who are of status of middle-class and above. People with additional money, social status, and education have several choices and power above things, for instance the neighborhoods, occupational opportunities, their salaries, etc. A lot of entrepreneurs not succeed the initial time around. It is merely a risk that individual has to take. Failing the initi al time is sometimes a positive thing. It provides the individual the prospect to perceive where he or she went wrong the initial time around and what can be done to avert that from incident again. It is all regarding learning and experiencing from ones mistakes. Mission Statement A mission statement explains what an organization is, why it subsists, and its cause for being. One’s mission statement at least, must describe who ones principal customers are, recognize the products and services one will construct, and explain the environmental location in which one will function (Mission statement, ). Our mission is to incessantly advance the care and quality of the business and the services we offer. We are in addition committed to making sure that our patients are fine taken care of and that their needs are met. What is a business or corporation devoid of contented customers? It is just similar to taking care of our own. Parents make certain that our children’s needs are met, that they are taken care of, and that they are at all times satisfied. Our objective is to proffer outstanding care and service to our patients and their families. In addition, we desire to ensure that our staff persists to offer our patients with the supreme care and respect that they be worthy of. Our dedication to this business is to do just that. Performance Measures Performance measures in an organization or business are extremely significant. Measuring levels of performance assists in the business success. It assists the business to flourish. Companies are competent to take the results, whether negative or positive, and advance the business. Teams of Community health service must be assessed similarly to any additional health care team, by means of the operational facets of cost, demand, satisfaction of worker, quality, efficiency, and satisfaction of customer (White Griffith, 2010). Performance measures that I would deem employing within the organization would be surveys of patient satisfaction, patient return and comment cards,. Surveys of Patient satisfaction essentially let the patient to rate his or her on the whole experience of the organization of health care. Several times surveys can rate from sturdily agree to firmly disagree or from 1 to 10 with 10 being the finest. Surveys can be conducted in several diverse ways. Surveys can be co mpleted online, on paper, or above the phone. Comment cards are an additional immense source of performance measure. A lot of times comment cards are in the business place and placed in an expedient area for the patient to use. Do not expect a positive feedback merely since somebody fills out a comment card. If one obtains a negative comments card, turn it into a positive. Some might look at it as an awful thing; however I look at it as means to develop the business and keep up the patients contented. Running an organization is not all regarding creation of a profit it is regarding keeping the patients, clients, customers, etc. contented. Devoid of them, how can one profit. An additional performance measure that I would utilize to allow performance would be customer revisits. What I imply is how many patients revisit and how frequently for regular visits. All performance measures are significant. No measure out numbers other since they all offer feedback in some type of means whethe r in words or numbers. Expansions Several entrepreneurs sense the need to expand their clinics. If I were to ever question expanding the clinic, there are a lot of things that I would take into account. Primary thing I would examine if there is a requirement to expand the clinic of healthcare. Secondly, I would check the budget to perceive if there were adequate funds to expand. Whether a manager decides to expand, he or she has to acquire the funds from someplace. Even if the manager choose to borrow money, it is yet essential to verify the budget to perceive if there are adequate funds there to let the business owner to pay back the loan above a phase of time. Another significant key feature to observe when considering expansion is the numeral of staff members on board and the figure of patients. One should not expand when one desires to, but should expand at the right time. Business Plan Business plans are extremely indispensable when in an industry. The foremost purpose of an annual business plan is to establish an action plan and strategy for the business. It is significant to appraise business plans yearly to perceive if anything needs to be changed consecutively to maintain the business operation smoothly. If anything does not have to be changed, it is yet imperative to scrutinize ones business plan yearly to be certain that it can be utilized for another profitable and successful year. Role of the Clinic Our health system is broken and a great deal of the problem relies with the disintegration of our system of delivery which compels low quality and unproductive care in a nation filled with extremely skilled professionals of health care. The US lacks a particular set of policies or national entity to guide the doctors, health care system, and hospitals practicing in the similar community and caring for the similar patients are not â€Å"associated† to each other. Our existing healthcare payment model with a blend of public programs and private insurers each with its individual set rules additional fragments the health care delivery system, causative to high and waste administrative costs. The Affordable Care Act offers prospect for delivery system reform to make certain that patients are getting the accurate care at the accurate time in a collaborative, coordinated, and efficient manner. Healthcare Policy The public healthcare policy has influenced the configuration of outpatient clinics in the system of healthcare in a foremost way. Outpatient care has substantially increased above the year. Outpatient care is lesser expensive to build and operate, meaning that it is additional reasonable than building big hospitals. It is even additional rational for communities in addition. Where I am from more people are inclined to go to the convenient care as a substitute of the hospital for trivial problems. Outpatient care First and foremost, is less costly, and secondly, it is lesser time of waiting. The means that the economy is at the moment and with the rate of unemployment progressively on the rise, outpatient care is more reasonable for many. Even though some outpatient facilities are diverse, meaning a few are larger than others, the structures of business are similar. When I say they are similar, I imply they are comparable as far as in services provided, the cost, care and personal at tention patients obtain, etc. Outpatient facilities are a great deal easier to care for and continue than a large hospital. Conclusion Maintaining an organization of health care is hard work, but somebody has to do it. It is a lot easier if one pursues the procedures and guidelines that are position into place for organizations of such. References Mission statement. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/mission-statement The importance of creating business plans outlines. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wahm.com/articles/the-importance-of-creating-business-plan-outlines.html White, K., Griffith, J. (2010). The well-managed healthcare organization. (7th ed., p. 299). Chicago, IL: Library of congress.

Sharpios auto Wreck: The Theme Of Death Essay example -- essays rese

Sharpio's "Auto Wreck": The Theme of Death Few subjects can be discussed with more insightfulness and curiosity than death. The unpredictability and grimness of it are conveyed well in Karl Shapiro's poem, "Auto Wreck". The poem starts with a description of an ambulance rushing to the scene of a crash, and hurriedly gathering up the victims and rushing them away. The aftermath of the police investigation that follows leaves the crowd gathered around the scene to explore privately and individually a range of feelings and emotions about the reality of death. Shapiro's usage of imagery together with figurative language is a key element in getting the theme of death across to the reader. By bringing the scene of the accident to life and relaying the emotions of the spectators with language and several metaphors, the poem gains a realistic and sometimes transcendent effect. In some places in the poem, the words can easily be taken literally to convey scenery or an emotion, but they can also be taken so as to make the reader think about possible higher meanings. The thoughtsexpressed in the poem help to suggest these other meanings by clearly stating what is being felt by the speaker and the crowd around the accident. By stating clearly and vividly the emotions of the scene, it is easy for the reader to identify the theme itself, and also to identify with it. In the first stanza, the speaker describes the ambulance arriving on the scene more so than the actual scene itself. The ambulance is described using words such as "wings", "dips", and "floating", giving the impression of the hectic nature of its business at an accident. When the ambulance arrives and breaks through the crowd, "the doors leap open" to further convey the hurried state it's in. In line 5, as the ambulance passes the beacons and illuminated clocks, it gives the reader an obvious clue about setting. To take the words' meaning further, it can be argued that the illumination of the clocks and the emptying light in line 8 symbolize life itself as light in an otherwise dark situation. Also, the allusion to a heart by use of the words "pulsing", "artery" and "beating" personify the ambulance as the new life giving support of the victims of the crash. ... ... our physics with a sneer". Taking the meaning from these parts and the last lines of the poem takes the speaker and reader through the realization that death is unpredictable and thought provoking, knowing that it can happen in the worst way at any given time. "Auto Wreck" deals with the complex subject of death by exposing the reader to the feelings of the speaker after witnessing a crash. The theme that death is unpredictable and grim is presented through these feelings. The stanzas are set up such that the steps from shock to realization of what death contains can be presented in order of occurence. The first stanza describes the ambulance coming to try to save the victims, and the second stanza deals with the immediate aftermath of the crash. These first two stanzas really create a background to the final stanza, which takes the reader through a range of emotions along with the speaker. The last stanza entirely is the perfect example of how the imagery and figurative language get these emotions across to the reader. In doing such, the theme is revealed very clearly and the reader can think to himself for whom the bell really tolls.

Workplace Violence in the Workplace Sector: A Literature Review

Workplace violence is an emerging phenomenon that should be investigated. The nature of such violence and how it is affecting the workplace. The nature of workplace violence, the different methods being used to do it and how it affects the workers and their relationship with each other should be looked into. Historical Context of Workplace Violence V. Bowie provides an overview of workplace violence by looking at the history of corporations and companies in the past thirty years. The material he produced gives the researcher important insights on the development of trends, controversies and issues that occur during the past thirty years. These trends were connected with social as well as technological developments in the society. In addition to this, he also uses research data and findings on various disciplines to provide an explanatory background for these emerging trends. Bowie’s work provides an important historical context of workplace arrangements and the instances that give rise to workplace violence. Furthermore, Bowie provided a typology of workplace violence which is composed of (1) intrusive, (2) consumer, (3) relationship, and (4) organizational. His typology can be the basis of further research in the field and will give interesting insights . Probably the most important contribution of Bowie to the study under consideration is his identification of key issues in workplace violence and how it affects the whole organization and the individuals who experience such violence. Of the trends that he identified, an important component that should be investigated at this time is cyber-violence. Given the widespread use of e-mail, blogging, instant messaging and other internet platforms, workplace violence is also being perpetuated and workers are being degraded, harassed, manipulated and humiliated. Another important aspect of workplace violence that could expand on Bowie’s work is by studying the way that older employees are being treated. Given the large number of young professionals waiting to work, these older employees are being harassed so they would resign and give way to younger workers . Bowie’s work helps situate this research study being undertaken in regards to the developments in the emerging trends and issues in workplace violence. With the framework of this study, some recommendations shall be made on how to deal with these emerging trends and issues. The work of Johnson and Indvik further provides an important historical backdrop on the emergence of workplace violence as a field of study and interest in corporate culture and human relations within organizations. The nineties is of particular interest to Johnson and Indvik. They noted the rise in both intensity and number of incidences of workplace violence. The two researchers analyzed the causes of this violence, the perceived costs of workplace violence and its impact on the organization as a whole. Among the causes that they noted, emotional problems are the first on their list. These emotional problems may stem from deep-seated issues in their personalities and developmental stage or it may be related to issues of change in their lifestyles. Abuse, is most often experienced first in the family and this is then transferred to other persons in the workplace or in the family. Another important cause of violence is the perceived difficulties in the economy, the laying off of workers and the inability of workers to deal with such changes in their lives. Johnson and Indvik’s approach to dealing with their study is that they conducted first a study on the possible causes of violence in an individual worker. From that, they also describe the workplace situation and how it contributes to the development of a workplace conducive for violence. After going through this, the authors also studied the role of management and human resources officers of the organization in the emergence of workplace violence. One of the important concepts the authors put forward is that there must have been negligent hiring because persons that are emotionally and mentally disturbed. Another area of negligence would be on the supervision of employees. If there is effective supervision and regular consultation with the managers and the employees, workplace violence would be mitigated. The authors also outlined several prevention strategies by dealing with all the areas of the causes of violence that they identified. The historical context in the article of Johnson and Indvik as well as their analysis of individual workers, the workplace and the role of management in workplace violence make it a very valuable resource in understanding the aggressors, the nature and characteristics of workplace violence, and planning strategies that could significantly reduce the incidence and occurrence of workplace violence. Is there a Need for Violence? Is there a need for violence? John Keane seems to answer yes to this important question. History is replete with violence. There are wars, killing fields, concentration camps, assassinations and other forms of violence. It seems that violence is hard-wired into the consciousness of every human being. Keane therefore embarks on a journey to reflect on the meanings of such violence and their ethical and political significance. Although his work is not totally related to workplace violence, Keane’s ideas and reflections on the paradoxes of violence can have important implications on the workplace. He has a very interesting insight that might apply on the reaction of people who are always perceived as victims of workplace violence. Most of the time, keeping quiet and resignation is the usual reaction to violence in the workplace. Keane says that this kind of passive reaction to violence should be reconsidered. Naive pacifism for Keane is an anachronism and will only create a condition a cycle of violence. When no one resists senseless violence, then it will become part of the culture. It will also drive away the people who are continuously subjected to violence. He calls for a rethinking on the approach of today’s society to violence. While it may be true that peace and lack of conflict is highly desirable, those who inflict violence should be apprehended. That can only be done if the victims of violence who want to preserve civility will become courageous enough to stand up for their own rights and stand up against the perpetrators of violence. Although not directly related to workplace violence, Keane’s reflections have much to do in stopping violence in the workplace and helping victims speak out for themselves and even take active means to counter violence. By doing so, the organization will empower its employees so that they can stop workplace violence if they see it anywhere in the organization. Workplace violence may be looked at as an act between two people. There are instances, however, that more people may be involved. Workplace violence is essentially an interpersonal incident. The root cause of such violence needs to be identified in order for the proper intervention strategies to be devised. Cavell and Malcolm identified anger and aggression in the workplace as the leading causes of violence in the workplace. Through the collection of articles that they collected, they explore the sources of anger in the workplace and, more importantly, in the personal lives of those who go to work at their offices. In a rather interesting twist in their argument, they said that anger and aggression are but normal in the lives of people. What matters is how to manage these emotions. With good management, these emotions could also be put to good use. If left unchecked, however, they can wreak havoc at the workplace, leaving people hurting and in danger. The authors looked at psychological explanations of anger and aggression and how different people express these emotions. More than that, however, they also explored the different means of controlling anger effectively such as asking the help of anger management professionals and counselors. In the book that they authored, they also developed a helpful model in treating anger and aggression. As the contemporary workplace becomes more complex and difficult, so shall the safety and security concerns be foremost at the minds of managers and the people who enforce laws related to security. With this in mind, the volume contributed by Cavell & Malcolm is a big help for professionals who are seeking to neutralize the negative effects of anger and aggression in the workplace and work towards the channeling of these emotions to creativity that in the long run will contribute to the growth of the organization. The book also offered solid guidelines on how to help employees who are suffering from bouts of anger, aggression and even depression so that they can make the best out of their situation and contribute to the improvement of organizational practices and development. Types of Workplace Violence. Physical violence is no the only criteria in determining workplace violence. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) came up with four different types of workplace violence, which could also be helpful to this study in coming up with such typology of workplace violence. The first one is criminal intent which may be rooted in unresolved conflicts and deep-seated frustrations and emotional and mental disturbance. Additionally, criminal intent may be inflicted by people outside the workplace who do have criminal intent such as robbery, homicide or murder and rape among others Secondly, workplace violence may also emanate from customer-client relationships and vice versa. There are overbearing customers who heap abuses on the workers on duty. These customers are usually very impatient and they are passing on some violent remarks and actions onto the workers of the organization. The third type is violence that takes place within the organization through the relationships of the workers. This type of violence is inflicted by one employee to another employee. Such type of workplace violence may occur because of professional rivalry, underperformance or lackluster service, and even due to circumstances fostered by the workplace itself. The last type of workplace violence comes from personal relationships. This type of violence comes from dysfunctional relationships in and out of the office. Most of the time, however, relationship problems such as domestic problems, and frustrations problems come from outside of the organization. The NIOSH publication also identified several research needs for workplace violence. These research areas are very important to this study so that the researcher would know what gaps in the workplace violence research will it fill in and which of these research needs it fulfills. (1) The first research need is the establishment of a national agenda and strategy for workplace violence. This would help more researchers and practitioners learn about the theories and the progresses made in understanding the issue. (2) There should also be an evaluation research. This would also facilitate a better understanding on the part of organizations the intervention needs in regards to workplace violence. 3) The definitions of workplace violence should be consistent. This would enable organizations and practitioners to gather consensus on what workplace violence truly means and what its effects are. (4) Help ensure reporting at all levels. One of the more important challenges of workplace violence is reporting. When people start talking, then its occurrence would come to the fore and it would be dealt with more easily. (5) Lastly, economics research should also be conducted to determine the actual costs of workplace violence and the benefits of investing on this area of the organization. These items in the research agenda helps the researcher in looking at workplace violence comprehensively. Indeed, there are a number of research points that should be undertaken by organizations and by individual researchers to deal with the problems of workplace violence. Although this set of research points and agenda are arbitrary at best and may be subject to change in the coming months and years, researchers will have known what important areas of research still lack studies. When researchers put their resources together in studying these areas, workplace violence could then be best understood and prevented. A Look into the Lethal Employee’s Mind One possible way of understanding workplace violence and preventing it is looking into the mindset of violent employees and the kind of motivations and attitudes that they have. Kelleher sought to map and create a profile of the mind of the employee with the propensity for perpetuating violence. Through the case studies that he provides in his book, he will be able to give a full picture of the motivations and the tendencies of the employee who commits violence. The author takes a look at the crimes and violence committed at the workplace. He then traces back the event that happened, the experiences of the lethal employee that led to violence or homicide. The different profiles featured in the book are very useful in identifying the mindset and the propensity for violence of employees. The characteristics described by Kelleher could be used as a benchmark for looking at possible violent offenders. By bringing in behavioral science models and research findings, he creates a profile of the possible violent employee. This then helps organizations in planning and creating strategies for dealing with and preventing workplace violence. Kelleher succeeds in helping researchers, managers and practitioners in looking at the profile of the potentially lethal employee. One of the gaps in research, however, is the recent findings in research about workplace violence. Such gap will be filled by this study by looking at recent research studies and findings of practitioners in the field. Kelleher’s framework fits into a systemic view of workplace violence. The profile of the potentially lethal employee could be related to the difficulties, issues and frustrations experienced by the employee in the workplace. Such profile will also be looked into alongside the profile of potential victims and the organizational culture. With these elements of the system, a better understanding of workplace violence could be arrived at. Trends, Issues and Strategies in Workplace Violence Kelleher’s book was essential in understanding the lethal employee’s mindset and profile. The gaps in the recent trends and issues are supplied by Bowie, Fisher and Cooper . The collection they authored presents a number of relevant statistics concerning workplace violence in the United States. Since their book was released only in 2005, they offer some of the most recent statistics and findings. More than that, the authors also looked at data from different companies and organizations all over the United States to present an overview of what is going on in most organizations. They present an important picture of what is going on. They explored individual factors that contribute to workplace violence such as domestic problems, a recurring cause in most of the workplace violence literature consulted in this study. They also identified reasons and ways in which organizations can take care of workers who are in risky situations. The psychological stress and workplace frustrations should be supplemented by support groups composed of the management and fellow workers. Such a caring environment can help reform a violence-prone organization and defuse the emotions and frustrations of workers. A rather surprising topic that Bowie, Fisher and Cooper addressed is the relation of terrorism to workplace violence. As the threat of terrorism looms in the United States, organizations should always be on the lookout for means of responding effectively to terrorist attacks and violence. The collection is one of the first books to offer an in-depth analysis of cyber-harassment, how workers and managers alike use email, instant messengers and other cyber-technologies to harass and perpetuate violence in the workplace. The bullies in the workplace are looking for ways to continue displaying their bravado and their arrogance and the internet has also become their tool for this purpose. After noting the trends and issues in workplace violence statistics and research, the authors provided a synthesis and a prospectus of what will happen in the next few years and how organizations can best counter workplace violence. There are a number of technological tools available at the disposal of managers and workers. Yet, the importance of training and creating an organizational culture that does not tolerate is still one of the most important activities that organizations should undertake. A researcher and observer who has an understanding of workplace violence in the past thirty years or so will be delighted with this as they get a glimpse of recent developments in this area of research and how the next few years might yield new trends, issues and strategies in dealing with violence in the workplace. Declining Violent Crime in the Workplace The work of Duhart through the Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report supplements the historical context provided by Bowie. Duhart’s work deals with the statistics on violent crime on the workplace in the past decade, particularly from 1993 to 1999. According to her study the number of violent crimes committed against people on work duty declined by 44% during the period covered by the study. Nonetheless, workplace violence still accounted for 18% of the total violent crimes committed during this period. This is still a rather large number of incidences. Such crimes include sexual harassment and even rape, robbery and simple and grave assault. At first glance, the work of Duhart may seem to refute the claims of Johnson and Indvik but a closer look would reveal that Duhart’s statistics concern only the violent crimes directed towards workers and employees while that of Johnson and Indvik recognize workplace violence as encompassing all forms of verbal and physical abuse directed to workers and employees alike. The statistics of Duhart provide important demographic information about the victims of workplace violence. Women, as much as men, are the subject of such violence. Among the variables she explored are the type of crime and gender, the occupations where such violence occur, the role of race on violence, and the kind of workplace where the violence occurred. In addition to providing a profile of the victims, the report also takes a look into the characteristics of the offenders, their motivation for committing violence, and in worst cases, homicide. The profiles of the victims and the offenders are of particular interest for this study. Although such profile may be incomplete, it serves as a guide in understanding the situations of victims, offenders and other factors in the workplace that contribute to violence. A contemporary study on the topic of workplace violence may build upon these description and statistics to further analyze the trends and issues that are emerging in this phenomenon. Neuman and Baron agree that the number of violent crimes directed against workers and employees have declined in the past few years. In fact, the occurrence of extremely violent acts of aggression is a rare event in the workplace. This means that physical aggression is not really the criteria for workplace violence as echoed by other writers and researchers in this field. Although extreme violent aggression is rare in the workplace, other forms of violence and abuse are present in the workplace. In this case, such violence has very important impact on the organization and the individuals working within it. Neuman and Baron presented a study on the frequency of violence in the workplace and the impact of this violence on the culture of the organization. More importantly, for this study, the authors presented a framework of analysis in understanding workplace violence. Their framework is built on contemporary theories of violence and the motivation for aggression of individuals. By doing so, they are able to update existing theories and understanding on human aggression. This makes their work relevant to the organizational culture of the twenty-first century. Through the framework that they developed, they explain different reasons and context where violence may arise in the workplace. They were concerned primarily with the motivations of individuals in committing violence, that is why they did not focus much in looking at the workplace that may give rise to violence. Nonetheless, they still looked at the impact of the workplace on the individuals and how that can affect their performance and propensity for aggression. Based on this understanding, Neuman and Baron also provided various principles and strategies in dealing with workplace violence. Perhaps the only limitation in their analysis is the way that they focused too much on the individual and did not look at the workplace as a system that can also give rise to incidences of violence. Aggression at Work and in Schools Braverman, Galasso and Marsh edited together a collection of articles dealing with the issue of violence in the workplace and in the schools. The articles in their collection probes deeply in the phenomenon of workplace violence, the nuances of its definition, the instances when and where it happens and takes a look at recent research, methodologies, frameworks and studies that are related to the topic at hand. Braverman uses the Systems Model in analyzing violence in the workplace and in the schools. This is an important idea as the systems model is a multi-disciplinary approach and looks at the relationships of different elements in the system. By developing this model, Braverman is helping researchers and human resources practitioners in understanding violence and analyzing the corporate or school system. In doing so, they can readily identify some of the factors that contribute to workplace violence. This systems-based model in looking at workplace violence can be used by this study in understanding different factors affecting such kind of violence. The individual articles in the collection also help identify the personality of victims and of aggressors. The workplace full of emotional abuse is also described as well as the different attitudes and behaviors that point to aggressive behavior. These elements of the system are then tied up together neatly into the systems-based model. Clearly, the systems-based model has very important explanatory utility, which this research project could use. Such an approach helps in the development of a framework of study that is not fragmentary and isolated. Rather, it helps look at the issue from a holistic perspective and looks at the whole organization and how it can breed violence in the workplace. Indeed, if the organization is filled always with stress, frustration and increasing pressure, then it might become a breeding ground for workplace violence. This idea of an organization that can become a breeding ground for violence is further explored by Denenberg and Braverman. By focusing on the workplace, they looked at different factors and elements that could lead people to become stressed out and commit violence. The authors point out that unresolved conflicts and frustrations due to employees who fail all contribute to stress and the potential for violence. If this is the case, then there would be a dysfunctional workplace. This concept of dysfunctional workplace is important in taking a deeper probe into the organizational culture and relationships of people within the organization. Although there may be dysfunctional employees, it is best to focus on the dysfunctional workplace that cannot deal with difficult employees. To illustrate their point, the authors used qualitative strategies by providing 14 case studies and stories of workplace violence that actually occurred. Interestingly, these 14 stories are rich source of qualitative data for the analysis of workplace violence. Through these stories, the authors identified several factors that contribute to violence in the workplace such as racial tensions, changes in the corporate culture, being laid off the worker’s pool, and other personal stress such as domestic problems. Braverman and Denenberg then analyzed these sources of violence and outlined several strategies on how to best deal with such violence. They cited the need to make changes to the organizational culture, the importance of correct and timely information dissemination and the creation of a violence prevention plan. The government regulations and guidelines can also be found in the volume, making it a comprehensive guide to understanding and preventing workplace violence. This study could benefit from the book of Braverman and Denenberg by looking at the dysfunctional workplace instead of just looking at individual workers who commit violence. Their analysis can complement the analysis of victims and offenders and will give a comprehensive view of the occurrence of workplace violence. When this comprehensive view is taken, the trouble spots and areas of concern will slowly emerge and prevention becomes more easily done. The Seriousness of Workplace Violence Workplace violence is really an important concern in organizations and companies all over the world. Yet, a proper understanding of what it is all about should be arrived at. In this regard, Vandenbos and Bulatao explore the definitions of workplace violence as well as its scope. They explored several definitions of workplace violence from those who claim that only physical assault may be considered as violence to those who are more comprehensive in their view. By taking a look at the violence directed against workers, they were drawn to look at the definition of a workplace and what characterizes it. The focus of Vandenbos and Bulatao, however, is workplace homicide. The occurrence of this extreme form of workplace violence is indeed alarming and should be addressed immediately. Even though that is the case, the work of Bulatao and Vandenbos provide an important insight into the nature and definition of violence and a description of the workplace. The definitions of workplace violence that they provided help keep the debates in the research topic alive. Each definition has its own strengths and weaknesses. As they proceeded to synthesize the definitions, an understanding of the workplace becomes clearer. It is the venue where people with different backgrounds, emotional makeup and stress levels interact together. There are certain factors and elements that contribute to the eruption of conflicts and violence. They resonated the idea of Braverman and Denenberg that the workplace could become dysfunctional and will create a situation favorable for violence. The rest of the collection that the Bulatao and Vandenbos edited also deals with various details of workplace violence. The various risk factors and attitude problems in the workplace are explored in the articles found in the collection. They also enumerated several high-risk occupations that tend to create a situation of violence. These occupations such as nursing, the police, social workers in depressed areas and slums, in federal agencies, construction industries and even in jail, are good places to start looking for further research and developments in workplace violence. The stories found in these occupations are also good sources of first-hand examples of workplace violence. These stories could then serve to bolster arguments and plans concerning the prevention of workplace violence, which should be the aim of any well-meaning organization. The nature of workplace violence is further explored by Raymond B. Flannery Jr. in Workplace Violence . His book is an introductory course on workplace violence. He discusses the nature of workplace violence and the different sources where it might originate. He starts with a description of the victim and the ordeal that he or she goes through. Violence is always an uncomfortable affair for the victim and responding to it is difficult. He then provides a description of the workplace and cites factors that contribute to the development of violence in the workplace. A description of aggressors then follows and how the inflict violence on their co-workers. Such descriptions follow the description of other authors dealing with workplace violence. Most of the time, stress, personality disorders, and the level of frustration are some of the causes of violence and aggression. The work of Flannery is neatly divided into two parts. The first one deals with the workplace, the victim, the aggressors and the different conditions that affect violence in the workplace. The second one deals with strategies and mechanisms towards the prevention of violence in the workplace. This book is an important introductory work on the importance of dealing with workplace violence. As a reference book for this study, however, it would be best used in conjunction with other introductory work on the subject so that the researcher would get a deeper understanding of workplace violence and its occurrence. Violence in the Workplace: Telling and Reporting Violence in the workplace is a sensitive matter. That is why a lot of people choose not to confess and tell anyone about their experiences at work. This poses a serious threat in the organization because violence continues with or without reporting. If no action is done to correct this matter, then eventually such workplace violence will become a part of the corporate culture and the overall situation of the organization will worsen. On the part of employees who experience violence, the tendency for them is to resign, especially if the perpetrator of violence belongs to the management. Bryant and Cox conducted a study in Australia concerning the occurrence of violence. They found out that in times of organizational change, some violence may be committed to the employees. Such violence may come from fellow workers or from the management. The researchers found a link between violence and resignation and say that resignation is usually seen as a way to get away from the discomfort and difficulties brought about by the violence. The researchers used a qualitative approach in dealing with their subject matter and sought to understand the thought processes and the decisions that employees who experience violence go through. Resignation is clearly a choice for most of them yet they are forced into it because of the experience of violence in the workplace. If violence became a means of forcing an employee to resign, then there is something totally wrong with the culture of the organization. The stories that Bryant and Cox portrayed in their study are a rich source of anecdotal evidence concerning violence in the workplace and how employees and workers deal with the difficulties it brings. An important component of their study is the recommendation that organizational change should make provisions with the management of conflict and of violence in the workplace. Management of Workplace Violence After understanding the nature of workplace violence, the factors affecting it and the conditions in the workplace and the society that contribute to its proliferation, it would be necessary for supervisors and members of the senior management to work towards the effective management and prevention of violence in the workplace. Without such knowledge and awareness, the workplace might just degenerate into the playground of workplace bullies and aggressors. Managers, by training, are concerned with productivity, efficiency and effectiveness at work. Most of them are not truly trained to be counselors. Most of the time, they do not know how to deal with aggression and causes of trauma in the workplace. This makes workplace violence more difficult. Although workplace violence is not the only cause of trauma in the workplace, managers and supervisors should be equipped with the basic knowledge and skills in handling traumatic stress in the workplace. After all, the most valuable resource of the organization is its people. If their well-being is compromised, then the production and service process will be compromised, too. The United States Office of Personnel Management came up with a Manager’s Handbook on handling trauma in the workplace. The handbook makes use of recent researchers in the field and the proven best practices on dealing with traumatic stress in the workplace. The guide is very practical. It provides a brief introduction of traumatic situations whether they are caused by natural disasters, accidents, crime or aggression in the workplace. Although counseling is not really part of the job description of a manager, listening to hurting officemate is very important because such hurts and frustrations may affect the morale of the workplace and the overall productivity of the organization. In addition to this, the guidebook also addresses suicidal concerns and those employees who are victims of workplace assault. The tips offered in the document are very practical and can be easily implemented by managers across different industries. Although the guide book does not dwell too much on workplace violence, what it provides is the human side of dealing with trauma in the workplace. Dealing with workplace aggression is difficult enough. With the support of the manager and colleagues, at least, individuals can more easily deal with their trauma. Management is indeed becoming a big part in ensuring that the workplace is safe and free from violence. This is why Chenier argued that the workplace is becoming a battleground for violence in the society. This is the reason why the author believes that employers should implement effective means of protecting their employees against violence on the job. Such strategy for preventing and protecting from violence includes the establishment of clear guidelines and policies, a crisis management team and the Employee Assistance Programs where people can report any incident without fear. It would also be necessary to modify hiring practices to ensure the emotional and mental health of prospective employees. Chenier also argues for the identification of possible sources of violence in the workplace such as firings, downsizing of the company, stress, longer hours of work and even domestic violence. He also enumerated occupations with high incidence of violence. This is why managers and workers alike should be involved together in preventing the occurrence of violence in the workplace. Even if managers have the major responsibility in ensuring safety and prevention of violence, employees should be involved so as to more effectively recognize sources of violence at their level. Chenier’s approach however seems to resemble the more reactive response in the spectrum because he argues for heightened security in the workplace, better background checking and assessment of prospective applicants. This is an important move to ensure that offenders are kept at bay. Yet, a more important strategy would be the cultivation of a corporate culture that does not tolerate workplace violence. When the employees have an excellent grasp of the importance of maintaining safety in the workplace, then the need for intense security might not arise. Resonating the idea of Chenier, Rew and Ferns, tested the government-sponsored NHS Zero Tolerance Zone Campaign, which mandates employers to provide safety measures to employees so that risks related to work can be mitigated. Health care practitioners tend to be affected by workplace violence yet they are not alone. As such, both employers and workers and even customers have roles to play in promoting safety and preventing violence in the workplace. Although the measures to prevent violence are important, Rew and Ferns highlighted the importance of training employees on how to deal with workplace violence. Such training should include conflict management and how to deal with stress. They also pointed out the importance of self-esteem and confidence in dealing with conflict and violence. The two researchers say that long before a conflict escalates into a potential violent confrontation, there should be intervention from management so that the conflict could be properly resolved. Without such conflict-resolution strategy, the safety of the workplace will be compromised and violence may become common occurrence. The Center for Mental Health Services prepared a report on the prevention of workplace violation, putting emphasis on several ways of prevention and the role of the government in prevention. The report identified several areas of concern where prevention efforts should be centered. The first one is the workplace culture and the overall way that they conduct operations and relate with each other. Another area is training and how the organization develops consciousness about safety and workplace violence prevention. Established rules and performance reviews are also important areas in preventing workplace violence. With established rules, people would know where they stand and how they should perform within the organization. In addition to rules, clear policy on layoff and terminating employees would also help defuse negative emotions and frustrations. Prohibiting drugs and alcohol for the employees is of course part of the safety measures of any organization. When there are indications that an employee is a potential dangerous worker, then the help of mental health specialists and counselors should be involved. Since racial and ethnic issues also tend to be a source of violence and conflict, then diversity is another important matter in ensuring safety and cultivating a culture of safety. In all cases, there should always be security measures because of uncertainty in the workplace. The government is also deeply involved in ensuring workplace safety and private organizations should engage their assistance in their efforts to curb workplace violence. The government helps organizations with opportunities and resources in creating policies and training in violence. Furthermore, government agencies are always working on studies and descriptions on what constitute a safe and secure workplace. The government can also release legislations and other policies governing the security of the workplace. As such, organizations should comply with these requirements. With effective government intervention, organizations can help their employees and the overall situation of their workplace in order for workplace violence to be prevented. More than just prevention, there should also be a move to establish a culture of tolerance and communication within the organization. Workplace violence could not be dealt with only by an effective strategy created by the management in consultation with the workers who are the first ones to feel the brunt of workplace violence. With the assistance of the government, they will be able to effectively combat workplace violence. Prevention is Still Better than Cure Averting violence in the workplace is definitely better than waiting for it to happen. Prevention is still the best solution in dealing with workplace violence. Managing the occurrence of violence is complicated and might lead to a number of inconveniences for both management and the workers. Prevention therefore is still the best policy. With this mind, Braverman authored a book on Preventing Workplace Violence that would provide guidance to employers and practitioners in the field. His guidebook is similar to the one released by the United States Office of Personnel Management but it has a more in-depth analysis of workplace violence and what the different elements of this violence are. Although prevention is the main concern of Braverman, he still provides a basic understanding of what workplace violence is, what its causes are, and how to spot possible violent employees. He also asks managers and practitioners to be cautious in labeling people because it might turn into a self-fulfilling prophecy. The strength of Braverman’s book is that he relies less on theory and more on practical experiences and case studies of violence in the workplace. In doing so, he succeeds in presenting the seriousness of the matter and that managers should move towards preventing it to save time, resources and emotional trauma in the workplace. Braverman also dealt with the dilemma of most managers who have to confront workplace violence. Most of them feel afraid and unable to deal with the situation. That is why he offers good, solid advice to them on how to deal with it. The situations he cited such as a person with domestic violence who comes to work, as well as frustrated persons with lots of emotional baggage. As he asks manager to prevent workplace violence, he also highlights the legal duties of managers to their employees in ensuring safety and security. Surprisingly, Braverman did not subscribe to the importance of the profile of a potentially violent worker. He argues that such profiling might just degenerate to witch hunts within the organization, which would be counter-productive and would only destroy the organizational culture further. Although there are instances that management and the workers do not agree with each other especially in benefits and workplace practices, workplace violence transcends these issues and collaboration and participation between management and workers are essential to dealing with it. What the management and the workers need to understand is that they are all affected by workplace violence and they could not afford to be antagonistic to each other when the safety and security of everyone is at stake. He concludes his book by outlining seven practical steps in preventing workplace violence. These steps are rooted on partnership between management and workers, on a good understanding of workplace violence and its implications on the organization, on a sense of community in the workplace; on the systems in place within the organization; and a sensitivity on the welfare of people—both the victim, the perpetrator and everyone else in the workplace. His book is very useful in constructing a comprehensive plan and strategy in dealing with workplace violence. Another author who dealt with the prevention of workplace violence is Marianne Minor . She dwelt briefly with a basic understanding of what workplace violence is but she did not present a sweeping overview. Such sweeping overview of what workplace violence is may be provided by the other books on this literature review. Of great significance are the practical tips that she offers for the management of organizations. She outlined several elements of violence prevention in the workplace. It is important for the management to assemble a team task to handle and manage crisis situations in the workplace. Moreover, the management should have a steady stream of professional advisors. This helps the advisors and the management team to create a crisis management plan, anticipate different situations where violence may arise. A violence protection policy is also essential so as to protect the workers and the organization. The management should also keep a ready reference of the applicable laws and rules that can help the organization in preventing violence. She also wrote about the importance of ensuring that the employment and hiring practices of the organization encourage the selection of the best candidates on the job. In preventing violence in the workplace, she gave pointers on recognizing the early signs of violence so that they can be solved. In these cases, counseling and coaching may be provided. But if such intervention practices do not work, then disciplinary action may be implemented, provided that this is within the policy of the organization on workplace violence. Minor’s set of strategies in preventing and dealing with workplace violence is solid and very practical. She does not dwell so much on theory but on practice. This can then help organizations and management to establish concrete strategies. The only danger, however, is that management may see this as a one-size-fits-all policy, which may become more detrimental to the organization. Nonetheless, the strategies are a good starting point for any organization intent on protecting the safety and the security of their workplace. The organization should look, however, for the right fit of policies and strategies in coping with workplace violence. A Summary of the Major Points of the Literature Review Workplace violence is indeed a growing problem in the United States and elsewhere in the world. Through the literature reviewed in this study, the various elements of workplace violence were investigated, the importance of profiling the perpetrators was undertaken, and the workplace as a system where violence may arise were looked into. The following elements were identified as the main participants in understanding and preventing workplace violence. Management Needless to say, the management is the first on the list to truly understand the nature of workplace violence, what are the different matters that make it complicated. Who are the workers with the potential to inflict violence on the workplace? What kinds of plans should be in place to prevent violence? Ironically, managers can also serve as the source of violence against workers. Management therefore should be strong enough and flexible enough to deal with workplace violence whenever it occurs. Management takes the lead in creating an organizational culture that does not tolerate workplace violence. If violence emanates from the management, then for sure, a culture of fear, anxiety and less productivity would be the order of the day. If the management works with the government, the employees, and other stakeholders, it can create a comprehensive plan and strategy in dealing with workplace violence. Although some researchers report a decline of violent crimes in the workplace, most of the time, the workers have to deal with subtle expressions of harassment and violence. This is an area of concern that management should not neglect. After all, a safe and happy workforce will help the organization achieve its goals. The Violent Worker There are a number of causes for a worker to lash out and unleash violence in the workplace. It could be because of mental and emotional disturbance, frustrations with their personal and professional lives, as well as specific events in the office that could â€Å"tip them over the edge† and give way to their violent impulses. Some authors have attempted to provide a profile of the potentially violent worker. However, there are also those who believe that this obsession with profile is an exercise in futility and would be inimical to the interests of the organizations. It might even precipitate a paranoia-filled workplace if the external characteristics of a person fit the mold of the profile. The management and the workers, too can help the potentially violent colleague by establishing support groups and coaching sessions in the workplace. Although this may not be part of the overall strategy and business model of the organization, yet the overall well-being of the workers would eventually contribute to productivity and efficiency. Through these human resources practices, the organization can also develop an organizational culture of excellence and zero tolerance of workplace violence. In the long run, such policy will not only help prevent workplace violence but it can also enhance the organization as a whole. The Workers and the Victims The victims of workplace violence can be any worker or employee. The perpetrator may be from the management, a customer or client, or a co-worker. It is therefore in their best interests if they knew what workplace violence is and how they are affected by this menace. Most of the time, the response of victims is to keep quiet and allow the violence to be unreported. This is a cause of concern for everyone in the organization because this is inimical to the organizational culture and productivity. There should be training and resources available to the workers so that they can readily deal with instances of violence in the workplace. Management is particularly The Workplace One important lesson that the literature review yielded is the way that the workplace can also contribute to the emergence of violence. The concept of organizational culture has been put forward as an explanatory variable of what makes workers become violent and inflict it on others in the organization. The workplace is a melting pot of personalities, ideas and different authority levels. When violence becomes a regular fare in the workplace, then it becomes a way of life in the workplace and the workers will be in fear and anxiety over the events in the workplace. Government The government has a number of resources that could help organizations deal with workplace violence. There are online resources and guides on dealing with trauma in the workplace. In addition to this, the government is also actively pursuing partnerships with the private sector in order to stop workplace violence. This way, organizations and companies can seek the help of government agencies and officials in preventing workplace violence. In extreme cases of violence, the government will also intervene with its resources so as to mediate and mitigate the damages of the violence. A Systems-Based approach to Workplace Violence Although it would be good to look individually at these elements of workplace violence, a better approach would be to analyze it as a system. In such a system, all of the elements interact with each other, helps each other, or give rise to the occurrence of violence. The workplace as the melting pot of workers and managers and even government has strong analytical potentials and will help researchers understand better the phenomenon of workplace violence. A worker without a natural potential for violence may become violent due to stress in his personal life confounded by the rude treatment of a manager. Transitions due to economic conditions may also create stress and frustrations that may become the source of violence. The workplace as a system may also help a researcher look at workplace violence more comprehensively. While some authors favor profiling the victims, the potentially violent worker, and the workplace individually, taking them together and analyzing how they work together and how violence arises would be a better goal for theories and research undertakings in the field. Such a holistic perspective would yield better information and practical guidance on how to deal with the issue of workplace violence. With the advent of information technology and the emergence of internet and new communication tools, these channels of communication may also become significant in the study of workplace violence. With the changes in technology and in the modes of working, so shall the analysis of workplace violence change. As part of the emerging trends and issues in dealing with workplace violence, the interaction between the workplace, the workers, other social forces and violence would yield more interesting insights. In dealing with workplace violence, prevention is still better than cure. This is why organizations should work towards a business model and human resources strategy that could prevent workplace violence and keep the marketplace a busy venue for work yet safe, secure and even satisfying for everyone involved.